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ื”ืจืฉืžื• ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•

ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื™ื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช

ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืžืชืš

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืกืข ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ

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ืžืกืข ืจื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืจื‘ื“ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื•.  

ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื - ืคืจืง 8 - ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื:


ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื—ื™ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜, ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘-2001: ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืœืืจืง, ืฉื”ื•ืคืง ืœืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืง.


ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก (Blair Cuspids). ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 (Lunar Orbiter 2) ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” (Sea of Tranquility) ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืชื ืœืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ (William Blair), ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ ืœื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” (Boeing Institute of Biotechnology) ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2.


ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืฉืฉ ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 23, 1966". ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ, "ืื ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื™ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, โ€‹โ€‹ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื˜ืจื™ืื ื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืช ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืขื ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช x,y,z ืœื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื”, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“."

ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก (Blair Cuspids)

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘-23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1966 ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”"ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื" ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ:


ืฉืฉ ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฆื•ืœืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืจื’ืœ (6 ืžื˜ืจ) ืœืื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 75 ืจื’ืœ (23 ืžื˜ืจ), ืฉืฉ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืื™ ืคืขื.


ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื›"ืืคืงื˜ ืขืฅ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ "ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืช". ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืจืฆื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ "ืขืžืง ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–. ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฅ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“.


ืืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชืฉ ื™ืจื— "ื™ืฉืŸ" - ื›ื–ื” ืฉืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืฉ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืจื— ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ืจื— ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.


ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืชื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื— "ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช" ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื›ืชืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื– ื‘ื•ืœ (Rose Bowl). ืื—ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉื“ื” ืกืœืขื™ ื™ืจื— ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ. ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 2 ืื™ื ืฅ' ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืกื” ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืžื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.


ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1967, ืคืจืกื ื”"ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื, ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’, ืฉืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื" ื”ื ืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ "ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืืจืขื™ืช", ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก:

ืื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืžืช ืื ืœืืชืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.

ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื?

ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ ืกื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ (Ivan T. Sanderson) ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1970 ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Argosy ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื•ื ื”-9 (Luna-9) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1966. ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืฆื™ืœืžื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1966 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช (Ocean of Storms), ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ "ื™ืžื•ืช" ื›ื”ื•ืช ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื•ืœื ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ืืžืจ ืกื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘-1970:

ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ืœืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืœืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื.


ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืœื•ื ื”-9, ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1966, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื”. ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ื.


ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื“"ืจ ืก. ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ( Dr. S. Ivanov), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ) ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืฉืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช. ืกื˜ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืจืื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืชื—ื ืช ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื”: "ื“ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื—ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื ื”, ืื• ืฉืื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช".


ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื–ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื. "ืขื ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ืกืงื•ืคื™," ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื“"ืจ ืก. ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื“"ืจ ื. ื‘ืจื•ื ืงื• (Dr. A. Bruenko), "ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืื—ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื•ื•ื”. ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ื”ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื–ื•. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื."


ืกื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 ื‘-20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1966, 29 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื (46 ืง"ืž) ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžืขืœ ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-2,000 ืžื™ื™ืœ (3218 ืง"ืž) ืžื”"ืžืกืœื•ืœ" ืฉื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช, ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื” (ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง) ื•ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.


ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืจืง ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืจืื•ืช; ืื‘ืœ ื ืืก"ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช 11 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื—ืœืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉ"ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื›-50 ืจื’ืœ (15 ืžื˜ืจ) ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” 40 ืขื“ 75 ืจื’ืœ (12-23 ืžื˜ืจ).


ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ 2 ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ "ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฅ ืืฉื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื, ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื - ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช!


ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ (Alexander Abramov) ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื "ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืžืฆืจื™" ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— - ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ืืงื” (Abaka). "ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•", ืื•ืžืจ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘, "ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื—'ื•ืคื•, ื—ืขืคืจืข ื•ืžื ื›ืื•ืจืข ื‘ื’ื™ื–ื”, ืœื™ื“ ืงื”ื™ืจ. ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืืงื” ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช".


ืžื”ื™ ืขืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื? ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ืืก"ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžืื– ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขื ื”: "ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื™ืงื• ืœืขืช ืขืชื”."


ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968, ื ืืก"ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื, "ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื™ืจื— ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื" (โ€œChronological Catalogue of Reported Lunar Eventsโ€). ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืื– ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืœืคืชืข; ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืชืžื™ื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ.

ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื”-9 ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—)

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืœ (John Oโ€™Neil), ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”-New York Herald Tribune, ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ืง ื“ืžื•ื™ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื (Sea of Crises) ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื–ืจื—ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื–ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืžืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืคื™ืงื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื, ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืกื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื›ืชืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื•, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.


ื ื ื™ื— ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื—ืงืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช - ื ื ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ? ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืื’ืžื™ื, ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื; ืื•, ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื™ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืชืืžื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืช.


ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจ-2 ื•ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืžื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื”.


ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชื "ื›ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื, ื”ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืจืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืžื ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืจืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ.


ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ืช. ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ื“, ื“"ืจ ืขืžืจ ื’ื•ื”ื“ (Dr. Amr Gohed), ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœ"ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื›ื™ "ืื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ... ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืชืจื™ืก ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช."


ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช (American Rocketry Society) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืงืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ (Dr. Carl Sagan), ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ื™: "ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืฉ - ืื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื•."


ืžื“ื•ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื? ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืื ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื–ื”ื”? ื”ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื—ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ? ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื•ืจืฅ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื˜ื ื” ืื• ืžืฉื“ืจ ื›ื•ื—.


ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื”ืื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ืžืกืจ ื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื•? ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.

ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก

ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—

ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืชืงืจื ื• ืžื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘-Argosy ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœืื•ื ืจื“ (George Leonard) ืž-1977 Somebody Else is On the Moon. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ Technology of Youth ืคื™ืจืกื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก, ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื "ืกืžื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ" ืฉื”ื ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ "ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื", ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช" ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™.


ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ื“"ืจ ืก. ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-15 ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื ื”-9 ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื:


ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืœ - ืื•ืœื™ ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืงืขื”, ืื• ืฉื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช - "ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื”-9 ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืฉืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช". ืกื˜ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืจืื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื. ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•, ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื• ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืจื˜ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื (Art Rosenblum), ืจืืฉ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ (Aquarian Research Foundation), ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉืจื“ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืœื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจื ื“ืจ (Lynn Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander), ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain, ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืืก"ื "ืœื ืฉืžื—ื• ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•". ืœืžื” ืœื? ืžื” ื ืืก"ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ? ืฉื•ืืœ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื.


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื’ื ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื:


ื“"ืจ ืกื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช: "ื”ืื ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื–ื”ื”? ื”ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื—ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?" ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ืื• ืฉืžื ืœืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจืฆื™ืช? ื”ืื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฆืจื™ื— ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืืŸ ื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื•? ืœื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื—?


ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืงืจืŸ, ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืคืชื— ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื“"ืจ ื”.ืค. ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก (Dr. H.P. Wilkins), ืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื—, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืชื— ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• - ื—ื•ืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ ืขื ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืชืฉ ืงืืกื™ื ื™ (Cassini A). ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ 2.5 ืง"ืž, ื•ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื˜ื” ืœื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-180 ืžื˜ืจ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ ืœื’ื‘. ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, Our Moon: "ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื—ืœืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืขื ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืื• ื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื–, ื›-200 ื™ืืจื“ ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•."


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืื•ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™, ืขื‘"ืžื™ื ื ืจืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืชื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘"ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”?


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืงื•ืกืคื™ื“ืก ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืืก"ื, ืžืื– ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืจื—. ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืืœื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ืฅ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื•".


ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš "ืžื›ืชืฉ ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ 7" ("Ranger 7 crater"). "ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ 7" ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืชืฉ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื” ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ 7 ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ืจื—. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืชืฉ ื•ืžื›ืชืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•:


ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื•, ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืœืคื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— - ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืื—ืช ืžืืœื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ 7 ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจืกืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื™ืฆืจื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื•ืขืจืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื›ืžื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืชืฉ. ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืืก"ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืจืง "ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื". ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.


ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืื‘ (Riley Crabb) ืžื”-Borderland Science Research Organization ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื "ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™".


ืงืจืื‘ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• "ืžืื•ืฉืฉืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ "ืคื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืฆืœื•ื ื–ื” ืžื”-10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1964, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "Missiles and Rockets" (ืขืž' 22), ืžืจืื” "ืžืขื’ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ 40 ืื• 50 ืจื’ืœ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื• (12 ืื• 15 ืžื˜ืจ). ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื—; ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืื• ืขื“ืฉื”."

ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ืžื”-10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1964, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "Missiles and Rockets"

ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื• ืขืจื›ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื "ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื" ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื. ืžื™ื™ืง ื‘ืจื (Mike Bara) ื‘ืกืคืจื• Ancient Aliens on the Moon, ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื ื“ 3 (Zond 3) ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 32 ืง"ืž ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช. ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื:


ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ื™ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื–ื•ื ื“ 2, ื•ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืื“ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘-1964 ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื’ืจื” ื‘-1965 ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืจืง ื›ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื”/ื˜ืœืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ืืกืคื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.


ื›ืฉื—ืœืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›-5,716 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื (9199 ืง"ืž), ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช Zond 3 ืฆื™ืœืžื” 23 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื” 3 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขืœ ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ (Mare Orientale), ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื›ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืคืจื™ื™ื 25) ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Solar System Log ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” TRW ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967. ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื’ื“ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื–ื“ืงืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ.


ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคื•ืœื• 12 ื•-14. ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื–ื” (ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืžื™ื™ืœ) ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื–ืงื•ืฃ ืžื•ืœ ื’ืฉื ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง ืœืื•ืจืš 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.


ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื’ื“ืœ ื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืื“ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื•. ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืจืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ื™ืจื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื“, ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ...

ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืขื ืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ื“ 3

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื ื“ 3, ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” 34 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ , ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื’ื“ืœ ื›ืœืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืข ืžืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ื™ืจื— ืขืงื‘ ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื ืขืœื ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ื 28.


ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื, Exploring Space with a Camera, ืืš ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืžืžื•ืงื ืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ื™ืจื— ื›-1600 ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื™ืคื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืฉื•ื‘, "ื›ื™ืคืช ื–ื•ื ื“ 3" ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ื™ืจื— ื—ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื ื“" ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ื”ืื ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.


ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืคืช ื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ืžื’ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžืื“, ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ. ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืคื”, ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ืจืฉืช ื ืจืื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฉืžื” ืฉื–ื•ื ื“ 3 ืœื›ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืคื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ืœืœื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืชื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ "ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ" ืžืชื—ืช, ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ืจื—ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.


ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืžืช ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืกื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืชื• ื•ืื– ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื? ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื? ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื” ืื ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ืจืื•?

ืคืจื™ื™ื 28 ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื ื“ 3

ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจื ืžืฆื™ืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ื˜ืกื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคื ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื. ื ืืžืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื, ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ื. ื”ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.


ื‘ืจื ื’ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื˜ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ื™ืจื—. ื›ืฉื‘ืจื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžื” ืืžืจื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื? - ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”!


ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—? ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื? ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ืœื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•? ื”ืื ื”ื ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื? ื”ืื ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ?


ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืื“ื™ื ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก (Phobos), ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•. ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœ ืกืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืจ (Mars Global Surveyor) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998. ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืคืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืจืžื• (Efrain Palermo) ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืคื ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื”.


ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืื•ืžืจ:

ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืกืœืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืกืœืข ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื›-85 ืž' ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 90 ืž'. ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืกืœืข ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืช. ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืš ื”ื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” (impact ejecta). ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžื›ืชืฉ ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื™, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืกืœืข "ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ", ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืฆืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืจืžื•, ืฉืขืจืš ืกืงืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืืŸ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ (Lan Fleming), ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื. ืœืืŸ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ืฉืงืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืกืœืข.

ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก (Phobos monolith) ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื

ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Optech ื•-Mars Institute, ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช ืœืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” PRIME - Phobos Reconnaissance and International Mars Exploration. ืžืฉื™ืžืช PRIME ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืคื” ื•ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•,ืžืฉื™ืžืช PRIME ืœื ืžื•ืžืžื ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืฉืงื” ืฆืคื•ื™. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื– ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืคื•ื‘ื•ืก. ืคืืœืจืžื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ืชืฉ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก. ื’ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืœืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืขืฆืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืขื ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื•ืช. ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื? ื”ืื ื‘ื™ืจื— ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืžื˜ืจ ืขื ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ ื›ืžื• ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืื• ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.


ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื. ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื’ืจื” ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2006. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2006, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ MRO ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื—ืžืฉ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช: Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express, Mars Odyssey ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื Spirit ื•-Opportunity; ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘. ืžืกืคืจืช ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื”:


ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ืžืœื‘ื ื™ (ืื•ืœื™ ืกืœืข) ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืง, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืคืœ. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื”, ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-300 ืง"ืž. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื›-5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.


ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืืœืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.

ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืœืžื” ื”-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008

ื•ื”ื ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืฉืฆืœืžื” ื”-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO):

ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืœืžื” ื”-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) ื‘-03 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืกื™ ืงืœืืจืง 2001: ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืžื™ ื‘ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืชื?


ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืข ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขื•ืœื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื ืฉืžื”, ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื™ื. ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืชืงื“ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช? ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืฉื ืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื?

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช:

ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•

ื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืืœ ืžืคืชืŸ ื“ืœืชื›ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงื”.

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